Mahasiswa asal Gunungkidul Temukan Vaksin AI dari Mahkota Dewa

Kita harus bangga menjadi warga Gunungkidul, karena sebetulnya di Gunungkidul banyak orang-orang yang cerdas. Salah satunya yaitu Artina Prastiwi mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan UGM. Artina Prastiwi asli orang Gunungkidul baliau alumnus SMA 1 Wonosari yang mampu menemukan vaksin AI dari mahkota dewa.

Berkat inovasinya memanfaatkan ekstrak buah mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) untuk menghambat virus flu burung/Avian Influensa (AI) H5N1, Artina Prastiwi, mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan UGM, terpilih menjadi juara pertama dalam kompetisi Masyarakat Ilmuwan dan Teknologi Indonesia (MITI) Paper Challenge (MPC) 2011 yang dilangsungkan 29 Januari silam.

Artina Prastiwi, mahasiswa angkatan 2007 ini meraih juara I setelah mengajukan serangkaian penelitian yang tertuang dalam paper ilmiah berjudul “Uji Aktivitas Antiviral Infus Ekstrak Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa) In Ovo dalam Penghambatan Replikasi Virus H5n1 Sebagai Vaksin Organik Pioner di Asia”. Ia berhasil menyisihkan 96 paper lain dari seluruh Indonesia.

Sebagai calon dokter hewan, Artina mengaku gelisah dengan fenomena penyebaran virus AI di Indonesia yang telah memakan cukup banyak korban. Ia memahami betul orang yang bersinggungan langsung dengan unggas akan rentan terserang virus ini. Ia cemas terhadap nasib para peternak yang tidak saja mengalami kerugian materi akibat serangan virus mematikan ini, tetapi juga keselamatan jiwa mereka yang terancam. Meskipun peternak mengetahui risiko yang timbul, mereka jarang memvaksin untuk menangkal virus AI kepada unggasnya. “Banyak peternak yang tidak memvaksin unggasnya karena harga vaksin kimia AI di pasaran cukup mahal. Harganya dipatok 200 ribu rupiah untuk 100 dosis,” ujarnya.

Berawal dari kenyataan itu, gadis berjilbab ini berupaya mencari solusi untuk mengatasi persoalan yang meresahkan tersebut. Ia memanfaatkan buah mahkota dewa, potensi lokal Indonesia, yang secara ilmiah telah terbukti mampu meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh sebagai antivirus AI. Kandungan saponin dalam buah mahkota dewa bermanfaat selain dapat meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh dan vitalitas juga bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai anti bakteri dan anti virus.

Untuk mendapatkan senyawa saponin, Artina mengekstrak buah mahkota dewa melalui penyulingan. Cara membuat antivirus dari ekstrak mahkota dewa ini diawali dengan penimbangan sesuai dosis yang dibutuhkan. Untuk dosis 10 ml, diperlukan buah mahkota dewa kering 100 gram per 100 ml air atau kelipatannya, yakni 100 gram per 1000 ml. “Selanjutnya, dilakukan penyulingan untuk mendapat ekstrak,” terangnya kepada wartawan, Kamis (3/3), di Ruang Fortakgama UGM.

Setelah mendapat ekstrak, Artina melakukan pengujian kadar saponin 10 ml di LPPT UGM. Menurutnya, ekstrak mahkota dewa harus mengandung kadar saponin 10 persen. Hasil saponin yang diperoleh inilah yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku, yakni sebagai pelarut suspense antigen virus AI. Lalu yang digunakan sebagai vaksin adalah ekstrak mahkota dewa 0,2 ml.

Pada mulanya, dituturkan Artina, uji coba dilakukan pada 30 butir telur ayam berembrio. Dari hasil uji tersebut diketahui telur yang diberi virus AI dan diberi tambahan saponin 10 persen dari ekstrak buah mahkota dewa 0,2 ml setelah diinkubasi selama 35 hari diketahui embrio tidak mati, sehat, dan tanpa bekas luka. Sementara itu, telur yang disuntik dosis yang lebih tinggi 15 persen dan 20 persen, ternyata semua embrio mati dengan bentuk perdarahan seluruh tubuh, kekerdilan, dan cairan alantois keruh. “Sepuluh persen merupakan hasil terbaik untuk menghambat virus flu burung. Ini membuktikan bahwa kadar saponin yang digunakan harus tepat sebab bisa menimbulkan keracunan jika diberikan dalam dosis besar,” jelasnya.

Setelah teruji aman pada telur, putri pasangan Sugita dan Wartinah ini mengujikan pada ayam berusia kurang dari 21 hari dan hasilnya cukup menggembirakan. Ayam yang telah divaksin tidak satu pun mengalami kematian.

Dikatakan gadis kelahiran Gunung Kidul, 26 Januari 1989 ini, vaksin yang dikembangkannya terbukti mampu menghambat perkembangan virus AI hingga 87 persen. Selain telah teruji dalam skala laboratorium mampu menghambat virus AI, vaksin ini juga lebih murah dibandingkan dengan vaksin kimia yang dijual di pasaran. Vaksin AI di pasaran biasanya dibandrol 200 ribu rupiah per 100 dosisnya. Sementara itu, vaksin buatannya 75 ribu rupiah per 100 dosis. Meskipun terbilang efektif dan murah, vaksin ini belum dipasarkan secara massal. “Masih perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui secara pasti hasilnya,” ungkap alumnus SMA 1 Wonosari ini.

Hasil penelitian ini menurut rencana juga akan dipresentasikan dalam seminar internasional yang digelar AMSTECS di Jepang pada 19-20 Maret mendatang.

Sumber: http:// www.ugm.ac.id

SEMINAR NASIONAL MATEMATIKA VI

Himpunan Mahasiswa Matematika (HIMATIKA) FMIPA UGM akan mengadakan Seminar Nasional Matematika dengan tema Open Your Mind Through Mathematics Applications. Tema ini dipilih karena matematika yang merupakan basic science perlu untuk dikaji dan dikenalkan sejak dini. Namun banyak orang yang beranggapan bahwa matematika itu sangat sulit dan aplikasi matematika di kehidupan sehari-hari sangat jarang ditemukan. Hal inilah yang mendasari orang ragu untuk mendalami matematika. Dengan diadakannya acara ini, HIMATIKA FMIPA UGM ingin berusaha membuktikan bahwa
matematika tidak sulit untuk dipelajari dan aplikasinya dapat diterapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Seminar Nasional Matematika ini merupakan Seminar Nasional Matematika yang ke-6 yang diselenggarakan oleh HIMATIKA FMIPA UGM. Maksud dan tujuan diadakannya acara ini adalah:

1. Memasyarakatkan matematika sebagai salah satu ilmu dasar yang tidak hanya dipelajari secara teoritis, tetapi juga mempunyai peran besar dalam berbagai bidang
2. Mengupas aplikasi matematika dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan.
3. Meningkatkan apresiasi masyarakat terhadap ilmu-ilmu dasar khususnya ilmu matematika
   

Kegiatan seminar ini akan berlangsung pada hari Sabtu tanggal 26 Februari 2011 selama sehari di Gedung Auditorium FMIPA Sekip Utara. Seminar ini akan menghadirkan tiga pembicara yang bertaraf nasional yaitu Prof. Dr. Widodo, M.S.; Dr. Kuntjoro Adji Sidarto; Dr. Bagus Santoso, M.Soc.Sc. yang akan menyampaikan materi tentang aplikasi matematika di bidang lalu lintas, penelitian pengembangan sumber daya energi, dan ekonomi serta sesi presentasi makalah dari beberapa peserta yang telah dipilih sebelumnya melalui tahap seleksi.

Informasi lebih lanjut bisa dilihat di http://semnastika.fmipa.ugm.ac.id

Jogja Istimewa

Holopis kuntul baris holopis kuntul baris (3x)

Jogja.. Jogja.. tetap istimewa…
Istimewa negerinya… istimewa orangnya…
Jogja.. Jogja.. tetap istimewa..
Jogja istimewa untuk Indonesia… (2x)

Holopis kuntul baris holopis kuntul baris

Reff:
Jogja Jogja tetap istimewa
Istimewa negerinya istimewa orangnya
Jogja Jogja tetap istimewa
Jogja istimewa untuk Indonesia


Rungokno iki GATRA seko Ngayogyakarta
Negeri paling penak rasane koyo swargo
Ora peduli dunyo dadi neroko
Ning kene tansah edi peni lan mardiko

Tanah lahirkan tahta, TAHTA UNTUK RAKYAT
Di mana rajanya bersemi di Kalbu rakyat
Demikianlah singgasana bermartabat
Berdiri kokoh untuk mengayomi rakyat

Memayu hayuning bawono
Seko jaman perjuangan nganti merdeko
Jogja istimewa bukan hanya daerahnya
Tapi juga karena orang-orangnya

Reff:
Jogja Jogja tetap istimewa
Istimewa negerinya istimewa orangnya
Jogja Jogja tetap istimewa
Jogja istimewa untuk Indonesia

Tambur wis ditabuh, suling wis muni
Holopis kuntul baris ayo dadi siji
Bareng poro prajurit lan senopati
MUKTI utowo mati manunggal kawulo gusti

Menyerang tanpa pasukan
Menang tanpa merendahkan
Kesaktian tanpa ajian
Kekayaan tanpa kemewahan

Tenang bagai ombak gemuruh laksana merapi
Tradisi hidup di tengah modernisasi
Rakyatnya njajah deso milang kori
Nyebarake seni lan budhi pekerti

Reff:
Jogja Jogja tetap istimewa
Istimewa negerinya istimewa orangnya
Jogja Jogja tetap istimewa
Jogja istimewa untuk Indonesia

Elingo kabare Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono Kaping IX
Sakduwur-duwure sinau kudune dhewe tetep wong jowo
Diumpamake kacang kang ora ninggalke lanjaran
marang bumi sing nglairake dewe tansah kelingan

Ing ngarso sung tulodo
Ing madya mangun karso
Tut wuri handayani
[02:57]Holopis kuntul baris ayo dadi siji

Sepi ing pamrih rame ing nggawe
Sejarah ning kene wis mbuktikake
Jogja istimewa bukan hanya tuk dirinya
Jogja istimewa untuk Indonesia

Reff:
Jogja Jogja tetap istimewa
Istimewa negerinya istimewa orangnya
Jogja Jogja tetap istimewa
Jogja istimewa untuk Indonesia

Ki Jarot (Jogja Hip Hop Foundation)

ADA APA DENGAN FACEBOOK? Baik Buruk Facebook, Analisa Positif dan Negatif Facebook

Belakangan ini, situs jejaring sosial Facebook sedang hangat menjadi perbincangan di masyarakat. Hal ini seiring dengan hadirnya inisiatif untuk merumuskan sebuah pandangan keagamaan tentang fenomena Facebook itu sendiri. Namun, apakah kita semua sudah mengenal apa itu Facebook ?. Sebelum kita bicara lebih jauh tentang Facebook, ada baiknya kita mengenal terlebih dahulu sejarah Facebook, dan apa saja manfaat serta mudharat dari Facebook itu sendiri.

Siapa sih yang tidak kenal situs pertemanan Facebook. Saat ini, hampir setiap orang diseluruh belahan dunia termasuk juga Indonesia, telah terjangkit virus Facebook. Mulai dari anak muda, orang tua, bahkan anak-anak sudah mengetahui dan keranjingan terhadap situs jejaring sosial Facebook.

Facebook (disingkat FB) merupakan situs web jaringan sosial yang diluncurkan pada 4 Februari 2004 dan didirikan oleh Mark Zuckerberg yang berusia 21 tahun, seorang lulusan Harvard dan mantan murid Ardsley High School. Keanggotaannya pada awalnya dibatasi untuk siswa dari Harvard College. Dalam dua bulan selanjutnya, keanggotaannya diperluas ke sekolah lain di wilayah Boston (Boston College, Boston University, MIT, Tufts), Rochester, Stanford, NYU, Northwestern, dan semua sekolah yang termasuk dalam Ivy League. Banyak perguruan tinggi lain yang selanjutnya ditambahkan berturut-turut dalam kurun waktu satu tahun setelah peluncurannya. Akhirnya, orang-orang yang memiliki alamat surat-email suatu universitas dari seluruh dunia dapat juga bergabung dengan situs ini.

Fibonacci biography

Leonardo Pisano is better known by his nickname Fibonacci. He was the son of Guilielmo and a member of the Bonacci family. Fibonacci himself sometimes used the name Bigollo, which may mean good-for-nothing or a traveller. As stated in [1]:-

Did his countrymen wish to express by this epithet their disdain for a man who concerned himself with questions of no practical value, or does the word in the Tuscan dialect mean a much-travelled man, which he was?


Fibonacci was born in Italy but was educated in North Africa where his father, Guilielmo, held a diplomatic post. His father's job was to represent the merchants of the Republic of Pisa who were trading in Bugia, later called Bougie and now called Bejaia. Bejaia is a Mediterranean port in northeastern Algeria. The town lies at the mouth of the Wadi Soummam near Mount Gouraya and Cape Carbon. Fibonacci was taught mathematics in Bugia and travelled widely with his father and recognised the enormous advantages of the mathematical systems used in the countries they visited. Fibonacci writes in his famous book Liber abaci (1202):-

When my father, who had been appointed by his country as public notary in the customs at Bugia acting for the Pisan merchants going there, was in charge, he summoned me to him while I was still a child, and having an eye to usefulness and future convenience, desired me to stay there and receive instruction in the school of accounting. There, when I had been introduced to the art of the Indians' nine symbols through remarkable teaching, knowledge of the art very soon pleased me above all else and I came to understand it, for whatever was studied by the art in Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily and Provence, in all its various forms.

Fibonacci ended his travels around the year 1200 and at that time he returned to Pisa. There he wrote a number of important texts which played an important role in reviving ancient mathematical skills and he made significant contributions of his own. Fibonacci lived in the days before printing, so his books were hand written and the only way to have a copy of one of his books was to have another hand-written copy made. Of his books we still have copies of Liber abaci (1202), Practica geometriae (1220), Flos (1225), and Liber quadratorum. Given that relatively few hand-made copies would ever have been produced, we are fortunate to have access to his writing in these works. However, we know that he wrote some other texts which, unfortunately, are lost. His book on commercial arithmetic Di minor guisa is lost as is his commentary on Book X of Euclid's Elements which contained a numerical treatment of irrational numbers which Euclid had approached from a geometric point of view.

One might have thought that at a time when Europe was little interested in scholarship, Fibonacci would have been largely ignored. This, however, is not so and widespread interest in his work undoubtedly contributed strongly to his importance. Fibonacci was a contemporary of Jordanus but he was a far more sophisticated mathematician and his achievements were clearly recognised, although it was the practical applications rather than the abstract theorems that made him famous to his contemporaries.

The Holy Roman emperor was Frederick II. He had been crowned king of Germany in 1212 and then crowned Holy Roman emperor by the Pope in St Peter's Church in Rome in November 1220. Frederick II supported Pisa in its conflicts with Genoa at sea and with Lucca and Florence on land, and he spent the years up to 1227 consolidating his power in Italy. State control was introduced on trade and manufacture, and civil servants to oversee this monopoly were trained at the University of Naples which Frederick founded for this purpose in 1224.

Frederick became aware of Fibonacci's work through the scholars at his court who had corresponded with Fibonacci since his return to Pisa around 1200. These scholars included Michael Scotus who was the court astrologer, Theodorus Physicus the court philosopher and Dominicus Hispanus who suggested to Frederick that he meet Fibonacci when Frederick's court met in Pisa around 1225.

Johannes of Palermo, another member of Frederick II's court, presented a number of problems as challenges to the great mathematician Fibonacci. Three of these problems were solved by Fibonacci and he gives solutions in Flos which he sent to Frederick II. We give some details of one of these problems below.

After 1228 there is only one known document which refers to Fibonacci. This is a decree made by the Republic of Pisa in 1240 in which a salary is awarded to:-

... the serious and learned Master Leonardo Bigollo ....

This salary was given to Fibonacci in recognition for the services that he had given to the city, advising on matters of accounting and teaching the citizens.

Liber abaci, published in 1202 after Fibonacci's return to Italy, was dedicated to Scotus. The book was based on the arithmetic and algebra that Fibonacci had accumulated during his travels. The book, which went on to be widely copied and imitated, introduced the Hindu-Arabic place-valued decimal system and the use of Arabic numerals into Europe. Indeed, although mainly a book about the use of Arab numerals, which became known as algorism, simultaneous linear equations are also studied in this work. Certainly many of the problems that Fibonacci considers in Liber abaci were similar to those appearing in Arab sources.

The second section of Liber abaci contains a large collection of problems aimed at merchants. They relate to the price of goods, how to calculate profit on transactions, how to convert between the various currencies in use in Mediterranean countries, and problems which had originated in China.

A problem in the third section of Liber abaci led to the introduction of the Fibonacci numbers and the Fibonacci sequence for which Fibonacci is best remembered today:-

A certain man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a wall. How many pairs of rabbits can be produced from that pair in a year if it is supposed that every month each pair begets a new pair which from the second month on becomes productive?

The resulting sequence is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, ... (Fibonacci omitted the first term in Liber abaci). This sequence, in which each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers, has proved extremely fruitful and appears in many different areas of mathematics and science. The Fibonacci Quarterly is a modern journal devoted to studying mathematics related to this sequence.

Many other problems are given in this third section, including these types, and many many more:

A spider climbs so many feet up a wall each day and slips back a fixed number each night, how many days does it take him to climb the wall.
A hound whose speed increases arithmetically chases a hare whose speed also increases arithmetically, how far do they travel before the hound catches the hare.
Calculate the amount of money two people have after a certain amount changes hands and the proportional increase and decrease are given.

There are also problems involving perfect numbers, problems involving the Chinese remainder theorem and problems involving summing arithmetic and geometric series.

Fibonacci treats numbers such as √10 in the fourth section, both with rational approximations and with geometric constructions.

A second edition of Liber abaci was produced by Fibonacci in 1228 with a preface, typical of so many second editions of books, stating that:-

... new material has been added [to the book] from which superfluous had been removed...

Another of Fibonacci's books is Practica geometriae written in 1220 which is dedicated to Dominicus Hispanus whom we mentioned above. It contains a large collection of geometry problems arranged into eight chapters with theorems based on Euclid's Elements and Euclid's On Divisions. In addition to geometrical theorems with precise proofs, the book includes practical information for surveyors, including a chapter on how to calculate the height of tall objects using similar triangles. The final chapter presents what Fibonacci called geometrical subtleties [1]:-

Among those included is the calculation of the sides of the pentagon and the decagon from the diameter of circumscribed and inscribed circles; the inverse calculation is also given, as well as that of the sides from the surfaces. ... to complete the section on equilateral triangles, a rectangle and a square are inscribed in such a triangle and their sides are algebraically calculated ...

In Flos Fibonacci gives an accurate approximation to a root of 10x + 2x2 + x3 = 20, one of the problems that he was challenged to solve by Johannes of Palermo. This problem was not made up by Johannes of Palermo, rather he took it from Omar Khayyam's algebra book where it is solved by means of the intersection of a circle and a hyperbola. Fibonacci proves that the root of the equation is neither an integer nor a fraction, nor the square root of a fraction. He then continues:-

And because it was not possible to solve this equation in any other of the above ways, I worked to reduce the solution to an approximation.

Without explaining his methods, Fibonacci then gives the approximate solution in sexagesimal notation as 1.22.7.42.33.4.40 (this is written to base 60, so it is 1 + 22/60 + 7/602 + 42/603 + ...). This converts to the decimal 1.3688081075 which is correct to nine decimal places, a remarkable achievement.

Liber quadratorum, written in 1225, is Fibonacci's most impressive piece of work, although not the work for which he is most famous. The book's name means the book of squares and it is a number theory book which, among other things, examines methods to find Pythogorean triples. Fibonacci first notes that square numbers can be constructed as sums of odd numbers, essentially describing an inductive construction using the formula n2 + (2n+1) = (n+1)2. Fibonacci writes:-

I thought about the origin of all square numbers and discovered that they arose from the regular ascent of odd numbers. For unity is a square and from it is produced the first square, namely 1; adding 3 to this makes the second square, namely 4, whose root is 2; if to this sum is added a third odd number, namely 5, the third square will be produced, namely 9, whose root is 3; and so the sequence and series of square numbers always rise through the regular addition of odd numbers.

To construct the Pythogorean triples, Fibonacci proceeds as follows:-

Thus when I wish to find two square numbers whose addition produces a square number, I take any odd square number as one of the two square numbers and I find the other square number by the addition of all the odd numbers from unity up to but excluding the odd square number. For example, I take 9 as one of the two squares mentioned; the remaining square will be obtained by the addition of all the odd numbers below 9, namely 1, 3, 5, 7, whose sum is 16, a square number, which when added to 9 gives 25, a square number.

Fibonacci also proves many interesting number theory results such as:

there is no x, y such that x2 + y2 and x2 - y2 are both squares.

and x4 - y4 cannot be a square.

He defined the concept of a congruum, a number of the form ab(a + b)(a - b), if a + b is even, and 4 times this if a + b is odd. Fibonacci proved that a congruum must be divisible by 24 and he also showed that for x, c such that x2 + c and x2 - c are both squares, then c is a congruum. He also proved that a square cannot be a congruum.

As stated in [2]:-

... the Liber quadratorum alone ranks Fibonacci as the major contributor to number theory between Diophantus and the 17th-century French mathematician Pierre de Fermat.

Fibonacci's influence was more limited than one might have hoped and apart from his role in spreading the use of the Hindu-Arabic numerals and his rabbit problem, Fibonacci's contribution to mathematics has been largely overlooked. As explained in [1]:-

Direct influence was exerted only by those portions of the "Liber abaci" and of the "Practica" that served to introduce Indian-Arabic numerals and methods and contributed to the mastering of the problems of daily life. Here Fibonacci became the teacher of the masters of computation and of the surveyors, as one learns from the "Summa" of Luca Pacioli ... Fibonacci was also the teacher of the "Cossists", who took their name from the word 'causa' which was first used in the West by Fibonacci in place of 'res' or 'radix'. His alphabetic designation for the general number or coefficient was first improved by Viète ...

Fibonacci's work in number theory was almost wholly ignored and virtually unknown during the Middle ages. Three hundred years later we find the same results appearing in the work of Maurolico.

The portrait above is from a modern engraving and is believed to not be based on authentic sources.

Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson